Original Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 148 - 151

“Bond for Biscuits” – A Survey to Assess Consumption of Biscuits among Children in Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu

Prabhu Subramani, Anjali Anilkumar, Rofina Gomez, Merlet Ann Thomas

Department of Public Health and Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. V. Jude Aldo Paul,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Chengalpet ‐ 603 105, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: judealdopaul1@gmail.com

Abstract:

Aims:

Biscuit is one of the oldest bakery snack items, consumed by all age groups worldwide, and one of the most consumed bakery products by children. This study aims to determine the biscuit consumption pattern of children and the knowledge of parents about the sugar content in the biscuit consumed by their children.

Materials and Methods:

A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 218 parents of children. A self administered validated questionnaire survey was conducted among N = 218 parents of children, the questionnaire consists of information about the demographic profile, followed by assessment of biscuits consumption pattern among children.

Results:

A total of 218 parents participated in the study; among all the children, 117 (53.7%) children take biscuits in the evening, 118 (54.1%) reported rinsing with water after consumption, 77 (35.3%) do not have the habit of either rinsing or brushing after biscuit consumption, 125 (57.3%) parents were not aware of the sugar content of the biscuits, 168 (77.1%) parents were aware that biscuits can cause dental caries, and 50 (22.9%) were still unaware of the role of biscuits in caries.

Conclusion:

The study showed that parents’ knowledge of the sugar content present in biscuits and its impact on oral health was low, and there can be a reduction in the amount of dental health problems among children by imparting diet‐related oral health education to the parents and children.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Keywords: Biscuit, children, parent’s knowledge, snacking pattern

How to cite this article:

Subramani P, Anilkumar A, Gomez R, Thomas MA. “Bond for Biscuits” – A survey to assess consumption of biscuits among children in Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:148-51.

Original Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 144 - 147

Patients Attitude toward Professionalism Practiced by Dental Students

Prabhu Subramani, V. Jude Aldo Paul, Kalaiarasi Subramaniyan, Jisha Acsah Samuel

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Chengalpet, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. V. Jude Aldo Paul,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Chengalpet ‐ 603 105, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: judealdopaul1@gmail.com

Abstract

Background:

Professionalism includes working within a regulatory framework with adherence to ethical practice; situational judgement and awareness; the ability to interact and communicate with patients as well as inter-professionally; and the commitment to continually enhance and improve the knowledge, values, skills and understanding required to provide consistently high-quality dental care. The objective of the study was to assess patient attitude towards professionalism practiced by dental students.

Materials and Methods:

A self administered validated questionnaire was given to N = 170 patients reporting to Asan Memorial Dental college and Hospital. They were asked to respond to questions regarding student behaviour and communication during treatment. Data was entered in Excel and analysed using SPSS Version 23.

Results:

Most of the younger age group patients agreed that the student’s attire inspired assurance in their abilities and also confidence level was increased by students of younger and middle age group. Simple languages used by the students helped them understand technical terms easily and it helped them clarify their doubts. Most of the male patients agreed that the first impression of the students and the way of receiving them in clinics increased their confidence level.

Conclusion:

Inculcating professionalism right from the beginning of the dental education will be the root cause in moulding up professional dentist in the further run.

Keywords: Attitude, dental students, interns, patients, professionalism

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Subramani P, Paul VJ, Subramaniyan K, Samuel JA. Patients attitude toward professionalism practiced by dental students. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:144-7.

Original Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 140 - 143

Awareness of Coronavirus Disease-19 Preventive Measures among General Population in Chengalpet District, Tamil Nadu

Prabhu Subramani, P. Thereesha, M. Thenmozhi, J. Vinoth Kumar

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Prabhu Subramani,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Oragadam Main Road, Keerapakkam, Chengalpattu ‐ 603 105. India.

E‐mail: prabhu.dent@gmail.com

Abstract

Background and Aim: Measures to prevent and control coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) include regular handwashing, physical distancing, and covering the mouth and nose, thereby reducing the spread of droplets. It is advised to follow preventive measures such as the use of facemask, social distancing, hand sanitizer during this pandemic for reducing the risk of infection transmission. The current survey was conducted to understand the public awareness about the preventive measures and its importance in preventing the spread of COVID‐19 at the community level in Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu.

Materials and Methods:

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted to assess the awareness among the general population concerning the preventive measures of COVID‐19 in the public area in Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu. The data collection was done in the month of December 2020, the sample size for the present study was estimated to be N = 268.

Results:

Altogether 308 individuals, male (129 [49.1%]), female (179 [59.1%]). Maximum 299 (97.1%) were aware of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Almost 274 (89%) feel that wearing mask protect them from COVID‐19 and knew that wearing mask would protect themselves as well as others at the same time. N = 144 (46.8%) unaware that they should not share their facemask with their family members. N = 266 (86%) use the hand wash/sanitizer before and after removing their mask. N = 223 (72.4%) practice social distancing in day‐to‐day life. N = 186 (60.4%) population believe that preventive measures at personal level will reduce the spread.

Conclusion:

The study population was well aware of the preventive measures to contain the transmission and spread of COVID‐19; however, there is a lacunae in the application of their awareness on practice, which has to be overcome by continuous health education and motivational measures.

Keywords: Awareness, coronavirus disease‐19, prevention

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Subramani P, Thereesha P, Thenmozhi M, Kumar JV. Awareness of coronavirus disease-19 preventive measures among

general population in Chengalpet District, Tamil Nadu. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:140-3.

Original Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 134 - 139

Home Remedy for Dental Pain during Lockdown

Zoha Abdullah, M. Pon Suriya Prakash, G. S. Pournami, S. Prithivi, Parvathy Premnath

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospitals, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Zoha Abdullah,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospitals, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: zoha_ab@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Context:

Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020. several dental care facilities across countries have been completely closed or have been only providing minimal treatment for emergency cases. The primary objectives of the study were to explore the awareness and utilization of home remedies for dental pain during the lockdown.

Aims:

The main aim of the study is to assess the attitude, knowledge, awareness, and utilization of home remedies for dental pain during lockdown. Settings and Design: Cross‐sectional study.

Materials and Methods:

An online questionnaire (Google Form) consisting 16 questions related to awareness, attitude toward and utilization of home remedies for dental pain was distributed through online platforms.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Data were collected and analyzed using the SPSS software. Bivariate analysis (Chi‐square test) was used to assess the association between the independent variables with each of the main outcomes of interest.

Results:

Four hundred and seventeen responses were collected which included 204 males and 213 females. Dental pain was the most common dental problem faced by the study population, 68.5% were aware of home remedies and 56.5% had experienced relief from dental pain. Twenty‐one percent rural study participants said that home remedy for tooth pain is better than conventional treatment.

Conclusions:

The surveyed population adopted home remedies as a first line of treatment for temporary relief from the tooth pain during the lockdown. Although it should be stated that majority preferred conventional treatment for permanent relief from the dental pain. During the lockdown due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, the general public had little or in some remote areas no other choice but to follow the traditional methods to relieve their pain temporarily.

Keywords: Alternative medicine, coronavirus disease 2019, dental pain, home remedies, oral health, lockdown

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Abdullah Z, Prakash MP, Pournami GS, Prithivi S, Premnath P. Home remedy for dental pain during lockdown. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:134-9.

Original Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 129 - 133

Effectiveness of Probiotic and Herbal Mouthwashes on Gingival Health among Children with Intellectual Disability: An Interventional Study

C. S. Aarthy, Swetha Gadde1 , Parangimalai Diwakar Madankumar

Departments of Public Health Dentistry and 1

Periodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. C. S. Aarthy,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, 2/102, East Coast Road, Uthandi, Chennai ‐ 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: aarthycharms@gmail.com

Abstract

Background:

Maintaining good oral health is particularly challenging among children with intellectual disability (ID) because of increased oral health risks due to underlying disease, limitations on access to care, and competing demands. For ID children, the standard oral hygiene procedures such as brushing and flossing are too difficult to practice due to reduced manual dexterity and difficulty for the caregivers to handle these tools. Moreover, usage of mouth rinses is a nightmare for parents of children with ID as they lack the dexterity to spit the mouthwashes. Although many studies support the use of chlorhexidine mouth rinses, it should be taken into account that the side effects of chlorhexidine are well documented, but the same is not so in case of herbal and probiotic mouth washes. With this milleu, this interventional study was formulated to compare the efficacy of probiotic and herbal mouth rinses on gingival health among intellectually disabled children.

Materials and Methods:

The present study included thirty children with ID aged 10–15 years at New Hope Child Development Centre. The participants were randomly divided into two Groups: I and II, with 15 children in each group as follows: group I: probiotic mouthwash and Group II: herbal mouth wash. Baseline scores of plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded. The designated mouth rinses were distributed to the respective groups, and they were instructed to rinse once daily. Their parents supervised the children during the use of mouthwash. At the end of 3 months, the children were assessed to the same clinical measurements.

Results:

Intragroup comparisons for both the GI and PI scores were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001) in both the groups. Intergroup comparisons between the two groups were not statistically significant. There was a significant difference in the effect of herbal and probiotic mouthwashes on plaque accumulation, gingival health status of these children.

Conclusion:

Herbal and probiotic mouthwashes can prove to be effective in reducing plaque and in improving the gingival status of children.

Keywords: Children, herbal, intellectual disability, mouthwashes, probiotic

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Aarthy CS, Gadde S, Madankumar PD. Effectiveness of probiotic and herbal mouthwashes on gingival health among children with intellectual disability: An interventional study. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:129-33.

Original Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 121 - 128

A Survey into Parent’s Outlook to Child’s Oral Health Checkup during COVID-19: A Safe Endeavor or a Dangerous Escapade in Crisis Time

Khooshbu Gayen, Supreet Shirolkar, Rajib Sikdar, Anisha Bag, Soumen Pal, Subir Sarkar

Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. R Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Supreet Shirolkar,

Room Number 2C, Old Building, Dr. R Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, 114, AJC Bose Road, Kolkata ‐ 700 014, West Bengal, India.

E‐mail: drsupreetshirolkar@gmail.com

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge of and evaluate the attitude regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) among the parents of child dental patients visiting the pedodontics department of dental hospital in West Bengal.

Materials and Methods:

A structured multiple‐choice questionnaire containing 16 questions was distributed among the parents of a child (5–14 years) who visited in the department of pedodontics in our hospital. Three hundred and fifteen parents participated in this study and consent was taken from all of them. Chi‐squared test for multiple comparisons was used to compare pooled questionnaire responses by age group, education level, and gender.

Results:

57.14% of the participants were found to be very well aware of this pandemic situation and 54.28% of them talk to their children regarding this very often. 37.14% believed the dental department had a higher risk of virus infection; and 40% said they will take their children to the dental department again if the children have any dental problem. 57.14% said that there is a chance of their children get infected from the armamentarium that is used for treatment; and 41.91% of them said that they had taken well care of the oral health of their child to avoid visiting a dentist.

Conclusion:

More knowledge about this pandemic should be delivered to the parents and more reassuring information regarding the preventive measures at dental set up should be delivered to the parents of this population.

Keywords: COVID‐19, dentistry, teledentistry

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Gayen K, Shirolkar S, Sikdar R, Bag A, Pal S, Sarkar S. A survey into parent’s outlook to child’s oral health checkup during COVID-19: A safe endeavor or a dangerous escapade in crisis time. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:121-8.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 116 - 120

An Overview of Different Scales Used in Tobacco Cessation

S. Vaishnavi, B Kumara Raja

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. S. Vaishnavi,

Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: vaishnaviprashanth1@gmail.com

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is still a major cause of many preventable diseases. The pharmacologic effect of nicotine plays a crucial role in tobacco addiction. When issues around tobacco use are considered, “nicotine addiction” can be regarded as a roadblock that needs to be overcome. There are a number of questionnaires that have been designed specifically to measure tobacco dependence and few among them will be discussed in this article.

Keywords: Nicotine dependence, Stanford dependence inventory, tobacco scales

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Vaishnavi S, Raja BK. An overview of different scales used in tobacco cessation. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:116-20.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 113 - 115

Role of Sign Language in Oral Health Education: A Review

Amisha Nayak, Sandhya Tamgadge, Avinash Tamgadge

Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology Dr. D. Y. Patil University, School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Sandhya Tamgadge,

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, D. Y. Patil University, School of Dentistry, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai ‐ 400 706, Maharashtra, India.

E‐mail: sandhya.tamgadge@gmail.com

Abstract

Hearing and speech impaired patients are often illiterate; and communicate using Sign Language; which hinders dental care and causes increased levels of oral morbidity; followed by feeling of unfairness by the dental staff. It is very difficult for dentists to communicate and treat them. A dentist who has learned Sign Language can help understand and communicate with these patients and treat them effectively. This review aims to study the need of dentists to learn sign language to communicate with such patients for effective diagnosis, treatment, and even oral health education. If oral health education such as oral cancer and other oral diseases is given in sign language too, it will surely contribute in the prevention of various diseases.

Keywords: Communication methods, deaf, dental care, mute, oral health, sign language

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Nayak A, Tamgadge S, Tamgadge A. Role of sign language in oral health education: A review. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:113-5.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 107 - 112

Proposed Solutions to Reduce the Impact of Air Pollution on Oral and Dental Public Health

Maryam Salah H. R. Ali

Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Maryam Salah H. R. Ali,

Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October city, Giza (12451), Egypt.

E‐mail: maryam.salah.ali@gmail.com

Abstract

Air pollution plays an important role in affecting the general health of people. It can also affect their comfort and well‐being and hence the quality of life. Whereas, no one can doubt that air pollution is one of the most harmful things in our daily life. Despite this, air pollution is now a common term that rings in our ears. Therefore, this is a sufficient justification that requires more studies in this important field to increase health awareness and maintain public health. Air pollution is one of those that refer to environmental pollution through gaseous, liquid, solid, or other waste products that have bad effects on the health of all creatures. The paper aims to present the impact of some sources of air pollution on animals and plants as they are among the main sources of people’s food. This is in addition to presenting some diseases that affect the general health of humans as a result of air pollution, through a descriptive and observational review of the problem under study as a case in the field of oral and dental medicine. In conclusion, proposed solutions were presented to reduce the sources of air pollution for the benefit of human public health, especially in the current period as a result of the multiple mutations of the coronavirus.

Keywords: Air pollution, human, oral and dental medicine, public health, quality of life

How to cite this article:

Ali MS. Proposed solutions to reduce the impact of air pollution on oral and dental public health. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:107-12.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 104 - 106

Review on Professionally Applied Disclosing Agents

S. Sasidharan1 , P. Rahmath Meeral2

1 Sivam Dental and Maxillofacial Clinic, Chennai, 2 Best Dental Science College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. S. Sasidharan,

Sivam Dental and Maxillofacial Clinic, Guduvancheri, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: sdmhoralcare@gmail.com

Abstract

Dental caries and periodontal diseases are plaque‐mediated diseases. Poor oral hygiene and inappropriate dietary behavior can lead to increased plaque accumulation. Dental plaque is a biofilm that is formed over the teeth and prosthetic appliances placed in the oral cavity. As dental plaque is not easily visible to the naked eye, its removal is difficult and complex. To remove dental plaque and improve oral hygiene, the use of disclosing agents has been recommended. Disclosing agents are preparations containing dye or other coloring agents which are used for the identification of bacterial plaque that can be distinctly seen providing a valuable visual aid and help in the maintenance of good oral health.

Keywords: Disclosing solutions, periodontal diseases, plaque

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Sasidharan S, Meeral PR. Review on professionally applied to disclose agents. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:104-6.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 100 - 103

Herbal Extracts in Dentistry - A Review of the Current Scenario and its Future Implications

Sathya Kumaresan, Channesh Patel1

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 1 Department of Conservative and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Sathya Kumaresan,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: sathu.kumaresan@gmail.com

Abstract

There have been several in vitro studies that have investigated the activity of natural plant extracts against oral pathogens. These studies have focused on bacteria that are involved in the etiology of oral and dental diseases. Early studies have clearly established that a numberof substances had potential against cariogenic bacteria in dentistry. Dental health is an inevitable part of general health. Oral diseases are chronic diseases and contribute to the major public health problems. The use of natural products for the control of oral diseases is considered as an alternative to synthetic antimicrobials and is also of great help to overcome primary or secondary resistance to the drug. To review the current evidence on the antimicrobial efficacy of several plant extracts on dental caries and plaque microbiology. Over 750 species of bacteria inhabit the oral cavity (~50% of which are yet to be identified) and a number of these are implicated in oral diseases. The initiation of dental caries involves acidogenic and aciduric Gram‐positive bacteria, primarily the mutans streptococci (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus), lactobacilli and actinomycetes.

Keywords: Dental caries, herbal extracts, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Kumaresan S, Patel C. Herbal extracts in dentistry - A review of the current scenario and its future implications. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:100-3.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 97- 99

Minimally Invasive Dentistry – A Review

Shilpa Ajai, K. Mahalakshmi1

Dental Practitioner, Modern Dentistry Dental Clinic, Chetpet, 1

Public Health Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Shilpa Ajai,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: shilpaajai1208@gmail.com

Abstract

Minimal intervention dentistry initiates from the traditional surgical approach to the elimination of caries lesions seen as radiolucencies in the inner half of the enamel, at the dentin‐enamel junction, and slightly into dentin, with the removal of the minimal amount of healthy tooth structure. Dental adhesives and restorative materials, changes in remineralization, caries process, and prevalence have revolutionized the caries management from G. V. Black’s “extension for prevention” to “minimally invasive.”

Keywords: Caries diagnosis, minimally invasive dentistry, remineralization

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Ajai S, Mahalakshmi K. Minimally invasive dentistry – A review. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:97-9.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 94 - 96

Biomagnification of Diseases: The Exposome Concept

Vijayashree Priyadharsini Jayaseelan, Arumugam Paramasivam

Clinical Genetics Lab, Cellular and Molecular Biology Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,

Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Vijayashree Priyadharsini Jayaseelan,

Clinical Genetics Lab, Cellular and Molecular Biology Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai ‐ 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: vijayashreej.sdc@saveetha.com

Abstract

The human race has gone through levels of destruction and extinctions happening for millions of years. Yet, the species tend to survive the most catastrophic situations presented before them. People have made their way into existence surpassing the mishaps simply quoted as “natural disasters.” However in recent times, humankind experiences a lot of annihilation due to “man‐made” factors that impose deleterious effects on health and the economy. Exposome refers to all the factors related to exposure which can influence the state of health or well being of an individual. Hence, exposome is a collective term that includes factors exposed by an individual, even before birth as a fetus and include sources from the environment, lifestyle, and occupation. The authors have made an attempt to address the consequences of exposome on human health and disease, relating it to the present pandemic situation. More studies pertaining to the gene‐environment interaction in different populations would provide insight into the development of diseases and evolutionary mechanisms conferring susceptibility or resistance to complex disease phenotypes.

Keywords: Exposure, phenotype, evolutionary mechanism

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Jayaseelan VP, Paramasivam A. Biomagnification of diseases: The exposome concept. Int J Community

Dent 2021;9:94-6.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 87 - 93

Variants of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Emphasis on Histopathological Features, Biomarkers

Prasanna Sekhar, L. S. Makesh Raj1

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Seema Dental College and Hospital, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, 1

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Prasanna Sekhar,

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Seema Dental College and Hospital, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India.

E‐mail: dr.prasanna1oralpath@gmail.com

Abstract

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm exhibiting squamous differentiation as characterized by the formation of keratin and/or the presence of intercellular bridges. The epidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity which also certain histopathological variations. The present review article focuses on histopathological variations seen in SCC along with brief emphasis on the biomarkers and prognostic factors which help in accurate diagnosis of SCC.

Keywords: Biomarkers, epidermoid carcinoma, histopathological variants, oral squamous cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma variants

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Sekhar P, Raj LS. Variants of oral squamous cell carcinoma with emphasis on histopathological features, biomarkers. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:87-93.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 82 - 86

Recent Trends in Forensic Odontology: An Overview

Soundarya Prabhakar

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Tagore Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Soundarya Prabhakar,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: surasoundaryaprabhakar@gmail.com

Abstract

Every human being has unique identity in life. Forensic odontology is an emerging branch of science which has a greatest scope of development. The most challenging feature of forensic dentistry includes the identification of dental remains, recovery, and analysis of evidence which match with the suspects. An objective comparison using recent technology would strengthen the validity of evidence in forensic dentistry. It has been established as an irreplaceable science in medicolegal matters and in the recognition of the deceased individuals. The forensic odontologist makes use of the knowledge of dentistry in bite mark analysis, fixation of identity in mass disaster, age determination, domestic violence, and child abuse cases. Therefore, the duty and responsibility of forensic odontologist have enhanced in recent times in various medicolegal cases. This article provides an overview of the trends that are evolving in recent times which are used in the field of forensic odontology.

Keywords: Child abuse, domestic violence, forensic dentistry, mass disaster, medicolegal cases ̧ bite mark analysis, recent advances

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Prabhakar S. Recent trends in forensic odontology: An overview. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:82-6.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 8 | Issue : 2 | Page : 79 - 81

Therapeutic Application of Fluoride Varnish

M. Indumathy, Hamrith Hari

Department of Public Health and Dentistry, Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. M. Indumathy,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: indupandiyan1995@gmail.com

Abstract

Fluoride is the safest, economical, and effective tool for the prevention of dental caries. Food and Drug Administration has listed fluoride as an essential nutrient for human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) expert committee has included fluoride in its list of 14 trace elements that are essential for normal growth and development. Approximately half the population of the USA is consuming optimally fluoridated water since 1980 and countries like the UK, New Zealand, and Australia are protected by water fluoridation. In India, the preventive measures are not so effective and the caries incidence is still on the rise. The average DMFT in India by the age of 15 years is about 3. This high incidence could also be attributed to a low dentist–population ratio of 1:80,000 in India. According to WHO, the DMFT of 2 by the age of 15 should cause alarm. The answer for this health problem is prevention. Although many measures are available, the best option is to use systemic and topical fluorides. Approximately 5% of the population lives in endemic fluoride areas and 3% lives in optimal fluoride areas. About 85%–90% of the population lives in fluoride deficient areas and preventive measures should be directed toward this segment of the population. The use of fluoride in communal water supply and dentifrices does not interfere with normal oral hygiene measures. Fluorides in dentifrices had led to the decrease in the incidence of dental caries in the US, UK and Scandinavia.

Keywords: Dental caries, fluoride varnish, remineralization

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Indumathy M, Hari H. Therapeutic application of fluoride varnish. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:79-81.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 77-78

Critical Review on Root Canal Irrigants Used in Dentistry

S. Sasidharan, P. Rahmath Meeral1

Sivam Dental and Maxillofacial Clinic, Chennai, 1

Best Dental Science College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. S. Sasidharan, Sivam Dental and Maxillofacial Clinic, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: sdmhoralcare@gmail.com

Abstract

The purpose of the endodontic treatment is to eliminating the entire pulp including both vital and necrotic tissues along with the microorganisms and its byproducts from root canal system, with the help of chemical and mechanical aids. The present article summarizes a brief note on endodontic irrigant solutions and also its negative impact which should also be considered to lead a discovery of better endodontic treatment systems.

Keywords: Endodontic, irrigant, negative impact

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Sasidharan S, Meeral PR. Critical review on root canal irrigants used in dentistry. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:77-8.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 74 - 76

Nanoparticles in Dentistry - An Updated Review

Hariprasath Nagarajan, P. Sasikumar Karuppanan

JKKN Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Hariprasath Nagarajan,

JKKN Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: drharithedentist@gmail.com

Abstract

Nanoparticles having a size from 1 nm to 100 nm are present in nature and are successfully used in many products of daily life. In dental materials, nanoparticles are typically embedded but they may also exist as by‐products from milling processes. Possible adverse effects of nanoparticles have gained increased interest, with the lungs being the main target organ. Exposure to nanoparticles in the dental laboratory is addressed by legal regulations. In dental practice, nanoparticles are mainly produced by intra‐oral grinding/polishing and removal of materials, by wear of restorations or release from dental implants. Based on worst‐case mass‐based calculations, the additional risk as a result of exposure to nanoparticles is considered to be low. However, more research is needed, especially on vulnerable groups (patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). An assessment of risks for the environment is not possible because of lack of data. Exposure‐reduction measures mainly include avoidance of abrasive processes (e.g., by proper sculpturing), cooling by the use of water spray, and sufficient ventilation of treatment areas.

Keywords: Dentistry, nanomedicine, nanotechnology

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Nagarajan H, Karuppanan PS. Nanoparticles in dentistry - An updated review. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:74-6.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 70 - 73

Xerostomia Diagnosis and Management

Hariprasath Nagarajan, Thanigaivel Gunasekaran

JKKN Dental College and Hospital, Erode, Smile Care Dental and Orthodontic Center, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Hariprasath Nagarajan,

JKKN Dental College and Hospital, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: drharithedentist@gmail.com

Abstract

Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is a common complaint that may be caused by several conditions, which include side effects of a wide variety of drugs, such as antidepressants, therapeutic radiation to the head and neck, dehydration, diabetes, and diseases involving salivary glands, such as Sjogren’s syndrome. The complaint of dry mouth may or may not be associated with decreased salivary gland function. Individuals with xerostomia complain of problems with eating, speaking, swallowing, and wearing dentures. Some people also complain of salivary gland enlargement or changes in taste. Lack of saliva may predispose one to oral infections, such as candidiasis, and increase the risk of dental caries. Management of the individual patient with xerostomia includes assessment of salivary gland function, replacement therapy, and prevention of caries and oral candidiasis. Early recognition and management of xerostomia may prevent devastating dental disease and help to improve the quality of life.

Keywords: Dry mouth, etiology, xerostomia

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Nagarajan H, Gunasekaran T. Xerostomia diagnosis and management. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:70-3.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 2 | Page : 66 - 69

Recent Advances in Caries Prevention – A Review Article

V. Kalaivani, R. Ramiya

Department of Public Health and Dentistry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. V. Kalaivani,

Department of Public Health and Dentistry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: kalai11venki@gmail.com

Abstract

Dental caries is a preventable infectious disease, and the early identification of risk factors and implementation of oral health preventive measures at a young age can reduce or even avoid this lesion progression. Some of the important changes that have taken place over the last few years that have influenced caries prevention are changes in disease level among different populations, increased understanding of caries pathogenesis process, material and operative technique development. We have a variety of new agents, which can be used to prevent dental caries, but the application of these agents in clinical trials is still limited in the developing countries. Moreover, dental caries is multifactorial and all preventive measures should be evaluated properly in human trials so that they can be introduced at the community level for the prevention of dental caries.

Keywords: Caries prevention, dental caries, new advances

Financial support and sponsorship

Self‐funded.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Kalaivani V, Ramiya R. Recent advances in caries prevention – A review article. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:66-9.