Review Article

Year : 2024 | Volume : 15 | Issue : 1 | Page : 1-15

Efficacy of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy as an adjunct periodontal intervention in periodontally diseased subjects undergoing orthodontic therapy

MuruganThamaraiselvan 1,SerabHusain 2

1-Professor, Department of Periodontics & Implantology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, 2-Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, MAHER, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

Address for Correspondence:

Dr. Murugan Thamaraiselvan MDS, PhD

Professor, Department of Periodontics & Implantology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

Email id: Thamaraiselvanperiodontics@gmail.com

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy in fixed orthodontic patients with gingival disease might be beneficial, being non-invasive and having accessibility to difficulty to reach areas like, interdental region with the presence of wires and brackets. This systematic review was designed to analyze the available evidence on the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling in reduction of gingival inflammation in periodontally diseased subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Comprehensive search was conducted in electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar along with hand search in relevant journals. Five studies satisfied the criteria and were included in qualitative synthesis of the systematic review. The results of the primary outcome showed adjunctive aPDT did not result in any difference in reduction of gingival inflammation (BOP) compared to scaling alone in fixed orthodontic patients. Only one study showed a significant reduction of gingival inflammation with aPDT, whereas it was better in the scaling group (one study) or no significant difference (3 study) in the other studies. However, aPDT resulted in significant reduction of most of the bacterial species count and proinflammatory cytokine levels in GCF compared to scaling alone. Within the limitations of this systematic review, there is no clear evidence that aPDT adjunctive to scaling has a better effect in reducing gingival inflammation in fixed orthodontic patients. Future studies addressing this area should focus on well planned standardized, long term RCTs that will aid clinicians in making a more evidence - based decision.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

FUNDING

No funding was obtained for the present study.

How to cite this article: Murugan, T., & Serab Husain. (2024). Efficacy of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy as an adjunct periodontal intervention in periodontally diseased subjects undergoing orthodontic therapy : Review Article. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 15(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v15i1.957

Case Report

Year : 2023 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 4 | Page : 58-61

Uprighting A Horizontally Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Using Modified Bach’s Technique

Anand Marya 1, Arofi Kurniawan 2, Mieke Sylvia Margaretha 2, Annissa Chusida 2, Haryono Utomo 3

1 Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2 Department of Forensic Odontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, 3Graduate ForensicStudies, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

Address for Correspondence:

Dr. Anand Marya

Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh-12211, Cambodia.

Email Id: amarya@puthisastra.edu.kh

ABSTRACT

There are a number of techniques with which such horizontal impactions can be treated, with no single technique being favored over the other, as these all have pros and cons. Horizontally impacted third molars are usually indicated for extraction, and only in situations where the first or the second molar has to be extracted due to decay is when these are uprighted for replacement of the missing teeth. In contrast to vertically impacted molars, there is a higher chance of success in uprighting horizontally impacted third molars as the cause is lack of space or blockage of the eruptive pathway.

Keywords: Orthodontics, Aligning archwires, Adult orthodontics, Limited outcome Orthodontics, Short term orthodontics

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

FUNDING

No funding was obtained for the present study.

How to Cite this Article: Marya, A., Kurniawan, A., Margaretha, M. S., Chusida, A., & Utomo, H. (2024). Uprighting A Horizontally Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Using Modified Bach’s Technique: Case Report. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 14(4), 58–61. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v14i4.936

Original Article

Year : 2023 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 4 | Page : 1-7

Evaluation of upper and lower components of nasolabial angle in different malocclusions- A cephalometric study

V. Sowmya Reddy1 , V D Mahendra Tivanani 2 , MaliReddy Mounika3 , K. S. V. K. Kalyan4 , C. V. Padmapriya5 , V. Sai Keerthi6 1Post Graduate Student, 2,3,4,6Assistant professor, 5Professor and Head of Department, Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, India.

Address for Correspondence:

Dr. V D Mahendra Tivanani

Assistant Professor, Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, India.

Phone: +91 8074236310

Email: dr.mahendramds@gmail.com

Introduction: 

Nasolabial angle is composed of two components: a) upper and b) lower component. Various foreign authors have developed different methods for evaluating this but consistent and reproducible methods for Indian population are few. Therefore, this should be placed within acceptable limits by planning treatment procedures accordingly to get the best aesthetic profile result and patient satisfaction.

Aim of the study:

To evaluate upper and lower components of nasolabial angle in different malocclusions in Bhopal population.

Material and methods:

It is a retrospective study, of sample size 150 that comprised of 60 profile pictures of individuals who belonged to Bhopal, out of which 30 were selected as aesthetically pleasing. Their lateral cephalograms were taken and traced. The study also used 120 lateral cephalograms of different malocclusions. The recorded data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA Test.

Result:

Significant results with p value<0.001 were found for the nasolabial angle among ideal group, Class I bimaxillary protrusion, Class II Division 1 and Class II Division 2, Class I crowding.

Conclusion:

Nasolabial angle is correlated with the type of malocclusion and the soft tissue variables also alter this angle.

Keywords:

Nasolabial Angle, Upper Component, Lower Component, Malocclusion.

Source Of Funding:

Nil

Conflict Of Interest:

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

How to cite this article: Shwetneel Singh, Seema Lahoti, Maitreye Priyadarshini, Siddharth Singh, & Sneha Hanna Mathew. (2023). Evaluation of upper and lower components of nasolabial angle in different malocclusions- A cephalometric study: Original Research. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 14(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v14i4.843

Review Article

Year : 2023 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 3 | Page : 1 - 10

The Effect of Melatonin and Its Agonist on Bone Metabolism: A Scoping Review

Sanjana Thiagarajan1 , Umarevathi Gopalakrishnan2 , Koduri Manoghna3 , R. Balasubramanian4 1,3,4 Post Graduate, 2Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Thalambur, Chennai 600130, India.

Address for Correspondence:

Dr.Umarevathi Gopalakrishnan, MDS., Ph.D.

Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Thalambur, Chennai-600130.

Contact: +919841289794.

E-Mail: umarevathigopalakrishnan@gmail.com.

Abstract

Objectives:

To investigate the effects of melatonin and its agonist on bone tissue through a systematic review of literature.

Materials and Methods:

The keywords [Melatonin OR Pineal Hormone OR Ramelteon OR Agomelatine OR Tasimelteon] AND [Bone OR Osteoblast OR Osteoclast OR Bone remodelling OR Bone Metabolism] were searched on Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Title and abstracts were reviewed to exclude the duplicates and irrelevant articles. The full-text articles were then screened in accordance with the inclusion criteria.

Results:

Of the 963 identified articles [PubMed=788, Web of Science=122, Scopus=53], only 3 studies qualified to be included in the systematic review based on the inclusion criteria. The first study assessed effects of the oral melatonin on bone integrity and mass in postmenopausal osteopenic women. Whereas the other two evaluated the radiographic and clinical outcomes of dental implants with the local application of melatonin. All studies showed an improved outcome parameter in comparison with the control group. All three studies elicited a low risk of bias.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that melatonin has osteoinductive potential and has an inhibitory effect on osteoclasts, thereby improving the quality and rate of bone remodelling.

Keywords: Melatonin, Bone remodelling, Pineal hormone, Osteoblast, Osteoclast, Orthodontics.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest exist.

FUNDING

There are no funding agencies involved in the present study.

How to cite this article: Thiagarajan, S., Gopalakrishnan, U., Manoghna, K., & R, B. (2023). The Effect of Melatonin and Its Agonist on Bone Metabolism: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 14(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v14i3.826

Original Research

Year : 2023 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 2 | Page : 17-30

The Assessment of Palatal Rugae Characteristics in Different Malocclusions- A Scoping Review

Balasubramanian1 , Sanjana Thiagarajan2 , Manoghna Koduri3 , Uma Revathi Gopalakrishnan4 , Vidhya Selvaraj5

1,2,3 Post Graduate Student, 4Professor, 5Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Thalambur, Chennai-600130.

Address for Correspondence :

Sanjana T, MDS

Post graduate student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Thalambur, Chennai-600130, India. Email id: sanjanarajan.sr@gmail.com

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Early diagnosis of malocclusion and intercepting the malocclusion at an earlier stage is inevitable in orthodontics. The morphological characteristics of palatal rugae are set up at an early age and are stable in their position and pattern throughout the life of an individual, hence they are used as a reference landmark for superimposition and evaluate the extent of tooth movement in orthodontics. This review aims to analyze the orthodontic literature regarding the association of palatal rugae pattern with different malocclusion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To analyse the literature regarding the association of palatal rugae pattern with different malocclusion by using the keywords palatal rugae or plica palatine transversae or rugoscopy and malocclusion or sagittal malocclusion or class I or class II or class III or skeletal pattern and stability and orthodontics or orthodontia. The pubmed, Google scholar, Embase databases were searched till June 2022.

RESULTS

Wavy and Curved type of rugae was more common rugae pattern in all group of malocclusions. Many studies found there is no statistically significant difference in palatal rugae among malocclusion. However, few studies showing that largest number of rugae is present in class II malocclusion than class I and class III.

CONCLUSION

This review provides evidence of a distinct pattern of Palatal rugae in Class I and Class III malocclusion and largest number in Class II but to ascertain its statistical significance, further research is needed with a larger sample size.

KEYWORDS – Palatal Rugae, Malocclusion, Skeletal Pattern, Rugoscopy

SOURCE OF FUNDING

Nil in terms of financial assistance or sponsorship.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No conflicts of interest exist.

How to cite this article: Ramakrishnan, B., Thiagarajan, S., Manoghna, K., Gopalakrishnan, U. R., & selvaraj, V. (2023). The Assessment of Palatal Rugae Characteristics in Different Malocclusions- A Scoping Review : Original Research. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 14(2), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v14i2.611

Original Research

Year : 2023 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 1 | Page : 44-54

Comparative Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Chlorhexidine, Povidone Iodine and Glutaraldehyde for Disinfection of Orthodontic Appliances - An In-Vitro Study

Mary Violet Jeyapriya1 , S.D.Milling Tania2 , Sonali Rathore3 , Sheloni Missier4 , Bevin Shaga5

1Post Graduate, 2 Professor and Head of Department, 3Reader, 4,5Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Kavalkinaru.

Address for Correspondence:

Mary Violet Jeyapriya ,

Post Graduate, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Kavalkinaru.

Email id: maryjeyapriya769@gmail.com

Contact number- 9941490302

ABSTRACT:

Introduction:

Orthodontists must take precautionary measures to protect patients from cross-infection as most materials supplied by manufacturers are not sterile.

Materials and methods :

A sample of 108 as received brackets, molar tubes and archwires equally divided in four groups (3 experimental groups, Group 1- Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Group 2 – Povidone Iodine, Group 3 - Glutaraldehyde and one Control (group 4) were used in this study. Three samples of each (brackets, archwires, molar bands) were tested for CFUs of each micro-organism (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) in each group. The samples were incubated and spread on blood agar and the colony forming units (CFUs/ml) enumeration were done before and after disinfection.

Results:

Brackets and molar bands had least CFU/ml of Staphylococcus aureus after disinfection in Group 3 (p=0.000). Of allthe materials contaminated by Streptococcus mutans (p= 0.000) andLactobacillus acidophilus, the mean CFUs/ml were least in Group 2 ( p<0.05).

Conclusion:

2% Glutaraldehyde was effective against Staphylococcus aureus. 5% Povidone iodine was effective against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The antimicrobial activity of 5% Povidone Iodine was most effective followed by glutaraldehyde when compared to chlorhexidine gluconate. Keywords: Glutaraldehyde, Povidone Iodine, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Disinfection, Orthodontic materials.

Keywords: Glutaraldehyde, Povidone Iodine, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Disinfection, Orthodontic materials.

SOURCE OF FUNDING

Nil

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

How to cite this article: Mary Violet Jeyapriya, S.D.Milling Tania, Sonali Rathore, Sheloni Missier, & Bevin Shaga. (2023). A Comparative Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Chlorhexidine, Povidone Iodine and Glutaraldehyde for Disinfection of Orthodontic Appliances - An In-Vitro Study: Original Research. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 14(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v14i1.675

Review Article

Year : 2023 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 1 | Page : 36-43

ACTN3 gene variations in various Ethnic populations and its association with Skeletal Malocclusion – A Literature Review

Ashwin Mathew George1, Nagachandran K.S.2 , Sumathi Felicita.A3 , Vijayashree Priyadarshini. J4 , Anitha. P5

1,2,3 Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, 4 Associate Professor, 5 Research Scholar, Clinical Genetics Lab, Centre for Cellular and Molecular research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital

Address for Correspondence:

Nagachandran K.S., MDS

Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, TamilNadu, India

Email: orthodrnaga21@gmail.com Phone: +91-9884152660

Abstract:

Genetic etiology of Skeletal Malocclusion has been explored extensively over recent years with the advent of advances in molecular technologies. Studies have reported that the masticatory muscles regulate skeletal development and few recent works of literature report that the muscle growth regulators influence the facial proportions in sagittal and vertical dimensions in Skeletal Class II malocclusion. This review is a humble attempt to highlight the role of one such muscle gene known as ACTN3 and its association with Skeletal Class II malocclusion.

Keywords: Genetics, ACTN3 gene, polymorphism, masseter muscle, facial height, malocclusion

Source of Funding:

Nil.

Conflict of Interest:

The authors have no conflict of interests to declare

How to cite this article: Ashwin Mathew George, Nagachandran.K.S, Sumathi Felicita.A, Vijayashree Priyadarshini.J, & Anitha.P. (2023). ACTN3 gene variations in various Ethnic populations and its association with Malocclusion – A Literature Review: Review Article. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 14(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v14i1.718

Case Report

Year : 2023 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 1 | Page : 26-35

Ortho-Surgical Management of An Adult Patient with Gummy Smile

V. Sowmya Reddy1 , V D Mahendra Tivanani 2 , MaliReddy Mounika3 , K. S. V. K. Kalyan4 , C. V. Padmapriya5 , V. Sai Keerthi6

1Post Graduate Student, 2,3,4,6 Assistant professor, 5 Professor and Head of Department, Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, India.

Address for Correspondence:

Dr. V D Mahendra Tivanani

Assistant Professor, Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, India.

Phone: +91 8074236310

Email: dr.mahendramds@gmail.com

Abstract

Aim:

This case report represents the clinical management of a Skeletal Class II adult patient with gummy smile treated by Orthognathic surgery.

Background: 

Vertical maxillary excess (VME) is the most common skeletal deformity in Skeletal Class II which is treated by Anterior Maxillary Osteotomy (AMO) and Gummy Smile is the characteristic feature of VME in which the anterior part of maxilla is superiorly repositioned. 

Case Description: 

A 19-year-old patient reported our clinic with the complaint of forwardly placed upper front teeth. On extra oral examination, she had convex profile with posterior divergence and interlabial gap of 10mm and everted upper lip. The patient had a gummy smile of 8mm. Intra orally, she had Class II canine relationship on both sides with missing irt 16, 36, 46. Cephalometric values showed Class II skeletal base with protrusive upper and lower incisors and acute nasolabial angle. Initially orthodontic treatment was done and extraction of upper first premolars was planned during surgery. AMO was done with superior impaction of 4mm and posteriorly by 6mm. After 4 weeks of post surgery, the settling of occlusion using intermaxillary elastics was done. At the end of the treatment, the patient had Class I canine relationship on both sides with Skeletal Class I and overjet and overbite was 2mm. The patient gummy smile was reduced to 4mm which was accepted by the patient. Fixed retention was given in both the arches. The total treatment time was around 30 months. 

Conclusion: 

The proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning is the main key to achieve stable results in Orthodontics. An interdisciplinary approach with the orthodontist and surgeon will lead to achieve stable, functional and esthetic results.

Key words: Orthodontics, Surgery, Malocclusion, Skeletal discrepancy,

Source of Funding:

Nil

Conflict of Interest:

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

How to Cite this article: Reddy, S., Tivanani, M., Mounika, M., K. S. V. K. Kalyan, C. V. Padmapriya, & V. Sai Keerthi. (2023). Ortho-Surgical Management of An Adult Patient with Gummy Smile: A Case Report . International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 14(1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v14i1.764

Original Article

Year : 2023 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 1 | Page : 18-25

Evaluation and comparison of shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index score in brackets bonded with probiotics impregnated orthodontic adhesive and commercially available orthodontic adhesive- An in vitro study

Azmina Idaayath M1 , Poornima.R.Jnaneshwar2 , R.Krishnaraj3 , K.Ravi 4

1Post Graduate, 2,3Professor, 4Professor and Head of Department, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, SRM Dental College.

Address for Correspondence:

Dr.Azmina Idaayath

‘Nazeer manzil’ no 46, 3 rd Cross Street Minor Trustpuram, Choolaimedu, Chennai 94 Phone number- 9940277336

Email- azminaidaayath16@gmail.com

Abstract:

Aim:

White spot lesions are one of the main drawbacks of fixed orthodontic mechanotherapy. Probiotic bacteria have been included in mouthwashes and lozenges to check the activity of S.mutans on surface enamel. Aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index scores of orthodontic brackets bonded with probiotic impregnated (Lactobacillus rhamnous) orthodontic adhesive and conventional light cure orthodontic adhesive.

Materials and methods:

In this in-vitro study,two groups were tested in one group brackets were bonded to extracted maxillary premolars using probiotic impregnated composite and in the other with conventional light cure composite resin.Shear bond strength was assessed using universaltesting machine. Adhesive remnantindex scores were assessed on the same samples.

Results:

Shear bond strength of the new composite resin was significantly decreased when compared to conventional light cure composite(p=0.001). There was no significant difference in ARI scores (p=0.51) between the groups.

Conclusions:

The shear bond strength of the novel probiotic impregnated composite was significantly reduced. Though there was no significant variation in ARIscores when compared to control, avenues to improve the shear bond strength should be assessed.

Key words- Probiotic impregnated composite resin, white spot lesions, lactobacillus rhamnous GG, Streptococcus mutans.

SOURCE OF FUNDING:

Nil

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

How to cite this article:Idaayath, A., Jnaneshwar, P., R. Krishnaraj, & K.Ravi. (2023). Evaluation and comparison of shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index score in brackets bonded with probiotics impregnated orthodontic adhesive and commercially available orthodontic adhesive - An in vitro study: Original Research. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 14(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v14i1.696

Case Report

Year : 2023 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 1 | Page : 1-17

“Surgery First Approach” - Skeletal Class II Correction Combined with Temporary Anchorage Device — Case Report

Ratna Parameswaran 1 , Christy John Parappallil 2 , Sanjay Sundararajan 3 , Ahana S Rajan 4 , Anantanarayanan Parameswaran 5

1Professor,3,4Post Graduate, Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education & Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Chennai. 2Private Practitioner, 5Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education & Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Chennai.

Address for Correspondence

Dr. Ratna Parameswaran, M.D.S.

Professor, Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College (MADC), Maduravoyal Chennai-600095, Tamil Nadu, India.

Mob- +919940675785

E-mail: drratna.ortho@madch.edu.in

ABSTRACT

“Surgery First Approach” (SFA) is a growing trend that provides an immediate facial change. The SFA protocol utilizes the dentoalveolar compensations as an advantage to effect immediate facial changes, which in conjunction with the Regional AcceleratoryPhenomenon enhances the tooth movementthereby reducing the total treatment duration. The post-surgical orthodontic phase is often complicated by rapid accelerated tooth movement producing a non-predictable nature of tooth movements. With the combined application of temporary anchorage devices these movements are made predictable in three dimensions. This case report illustrates the treatment of a skeletal Class II patient with a combination of the SFA protocol and TAD-aided orthodontic treatment. A 19- year-old female presented with proclined upper anteriors and retrusive lower jaw. Clinical examination revealed a severe lip incompetency, mandibular deficiency, Class II skeletal malocclusion, severe bimaxillary incisor proclination, severely crowded mandibular arch on a low mandibular plane angle. The SFA protocol involving BSSO advancement and genioplasty was performed, followed by an orthodontic phase involving TADs. The total treatment time was 14 months, following which excellent facial change and stable occlusion was achieved. A three year follow up is also presented.

KEYWORDS - Surgery First Approach, Temporary Anchorage Devices, Orthognathics, Rapid Acceleratory Phenomenon, Class II Skeletal Malocclusion, Case Report.

SOURCE OF FUNDING

Not applicable.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflict of interests to declare

How to Cite this Article: Parameswaran, R., John Parappallil, C., Sundararajan, S., S Rajan, A., & Parameswaran, A. (2023). “Surgery First Approach” for Skeletal Class II Correction Combined With Temporary Anchorage Device. : Case Report. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 14(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v14i1.644

Original Research

Year : 2022 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 4 | Page : 1-13

Assessing the cytotoxic effect and antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera aqueous and ethanolic extract against oral pathogens extracted from periodontal and orthodontic patients – an in vitro study

Shanmugapriya Ramamurthy1 , Sheeja Varghese2 , Umarevathi Gopalakrishnan1 , Mahesh Kumar3 , Mayma Nathasha4 , Jeyaram Palinivel4

1Sri Venkateswara Dental College & Hospital, The TamilNadu Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai, India, 600 130, Research Scholar, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 6000077. 2Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 6000077. 3Karpagavinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Chengalpattu (DT) 603 308, 4Consultant Orthodontist,

Address for Correspondence

Dr.Shanmugapriya Ramamurthy

Sri Venkateswara Dental College & Hospital, The TamilNadu Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai, India, 600130,

Email Id: drshanpriya@gmail.com

Abstract:

Background:

Periodontitis is the result of inflammation caused due to the activity of microorganisms. The prevalence of anaerobic organisms is more when it comes to periodontal pockets and orthodontic patients. Plants with phytochemicals that could exert antimicrobial effects could aid in host modulation for management of periodontitis caused by these bacteria in periodontal and orthodontic patients.

Aim:

To assess the antimicrobial effect of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Lam (MOL) and cytotoxic effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of MOL.

Materials and methods:

Moringa oleifera Lam. extracts were prepared by maceration. Subgingival plaque samples were collected, and microorganisms were cultured in anaerobic environment. The microorganisms were treated with the extracts and minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration was assessed. The cytotoxic effects were assessed by brine shrimp assay.

Results:

Aqueous extract showed antimicrobial effect in dose and time dependent manner and both extracts exhibited cytotoxic effects in a dose and time dependent manner.

Summary and Conclusion:

The antimicrobial effect of MOL could be utilized to develop a nature derived local drug delivery system for treating plaque induced periodontitis in different clinical situations.

Key words: anaerobic organism, anti-microbial, cytotoxicity, dental plaque, Moringa oleifera Lam, periodontitis.

Conflict of interest:

No conflict of interest among authors in this study.

Sources of Funding:

Nil

How to Cite this Article: Assessing the cytotoxic effect and antimicrobial activity of Moringa Oleifera aqueous and ethanolic extract against oral pathogens extracted from periodontal and orthodontic patients – An In vitro study. Int J Orthod Rehabil.,13(4):1-13.

Original Research

Year : 2022 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 3 | Page : 48 - 56

UTILIZING WHATSAPP APPLICATION TO VERIFY WIRE BENDING EXERCISES DONE BY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS - A PROSPECTIVE SURVEY

Siddharth Sonwane, Shweta RK

1,2 Government Dental College, Nagpur.

Address for correspondence.

Siddhart Sonwane

57 B, Empress Mill Colony, Rameshwari Road, Nagpur.

Email id –siddharth5678@gmail.com

Abstract

Background: E-learning platform can be utilized to improve pre-clinical practical skills. Millions undergraduates are active users of WhatsApp platform and this can be used for learning and evaluation.

Objectives: The study's goals and include using WhatsApp to reinforce pre-clinical wire bending exercises among undergraduate dental students and assessing the effectiveness and acceptability of this platform among them.

Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted over a nine-month period and included 79 final-year BDS students from Mansarovar Dental College in Bhopal. The research was divided into three three-month sessions. An examination of similar questions of 10 MCQ and 10 Likert questions was conducted at the beginning and end of each session. A WhatsApp group called "Let's Learn Wire Bending" was formed, and digital images of wire bending exercises with step-by-step instructions and clinical benefits were posted. WhatsApp discussions about each appliance were held for three months, and at the end of the third month, an offline examination was held using the first question paper set, and student progress was evaluated.

Statistical analysis: Shapiro-Wilk’s test was applied for evaluating normality of samples distribution, and in non-parametric data obtained from the Likert’s score was converted into mid-point data analysis, and comparison between groups. Mann-Whitney U test was applied to assess acceptability.

Results: There was a statistically significant difference between before-session test results and after-session test results with a p-value less than 0.001. Likert feedback questionnaire revealed that students enjoyed this method of teaching.

Keywords: Wire bending, Dental education, WhatsApp, Pre-clinical

Source of Funding:

None

Conflict of Interest:

None

How to cite this article : Sonwane, S., & RK, S. (2022). UTILIZING WHATSAPP APPLICATION TO VERIFY WIRE BENDING EXERCISES DONE BY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS - A PROSPECTIVE SURVEY: Original Research. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 13(3), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v13i3.602

Case Series

Year : 2022 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 3 | Page : 34-47

MANAGEMENT OF CLASS II MALOCCLUSION WITH TWIN FORCE BITE CORRECTOR: A CASE SERIES

Suvetha Siva1 , Aravind Subramaniam Kumar2 , Shreya Kishore3 , Aadhirai Gopinath4

1,3,4Senior lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, SRM dental college, Ramapuram, Chennai, 2HOD & Dean, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai

Corresponding Author:

Dr. Suvetha Siva, MDS, M.Orth RCPS (Glasg)

Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai.

Email Id: suvethas1@srmist.edu.in

Abstract

Class II malocclusion is one of the most commonly occurring conditions, and the component mostly involved is mandibular retrognathism. The treatment modalities include both removable and fixed appliances. The advantage of fixed functional appliances is that it is not dependent on patient compliance. Various fixed functional appliances are available such as rigid, flexible, and hybrid. The present case series discusses a hybrid type of fixed functional appliance, i.e. Twin Force Bite Corrector appliance in three cases: A 15‑year‑old female patient with Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrognathism, a 14‑year‑old male patient with Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrognathism, and a 14‑year‑old female patient with Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrognathism. The effects produced by this appliance are similar to the conventional fixed functional appliances such as Forsus, Herbst, and also it has a distinct advantage of quick chair-side fabrication and simple design

Key words: Class II malocclusion, retrognathism, Twin Force bite corrector appliance

SOURCES OF FUNDING:

None to declare

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare

How to cite this article: Siva, S., Subramanian, A. K., Kishore, S., & Gopinath, A. (2022). MANAGEMENT OF CLASS II MALOCCLUSION USING TWIN FORCE BITE CORRECTOR: CASE SERIES. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 13(3), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v13i3.514

Original Research

Year : 2022 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 3 | Page : 22-33

Bibliometric analysis on microbial corrosion in dentistry

Umarevathi Gopalakrishnan 1 , R.Sudhakar2 , A. Sumathi Felicita3 , K. Manikandan4 , Vidhya Selvaraj5 1 Professor, 5 Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Sri Venkateswara dental College and Hospital 2 Assc Professor, Dept of Pathology , Panimalar medical college, Hospital & Research Institute 3Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha dental College 4 Professor, Dept of Public Health Dentistry, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital

Address for Correspondence:

Umarevathi Gopalakrishnan,

Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospitals Chennai – 600103,

Email: gopkr_uma@yahoo.com

Abstract:

Aim:

The present bibliometric analysis was conducted to find the evidence regarding microbial corrosion in dentistry since corrosion by whatever means affect the intraoral performance of the metallic appliances.

Materials and methods:

Material and methods: Dimensions software was used to search for published literature pertaining to the keywords “microbial corrosion” AND “dentistry”. Two reviewers assessed the articles in terms of year of publication, authors, country of origin, journal of publication, and the affiliated institutions of the authors as well as their collaborations and the most cited publications.

Results:

The search revealed a total of 3,118 articles between the years 2000 to 2022. The number of publications was on the rising pattern with a spike between 2004-2007, again with a small spike between 2014 and 2016 and then a steep increase from 2017 onwards.  The publications were almost equally split between Engineering science and Medical Sciences. United States topped the list of countries with 378 documents with total link strength of 106224. Sao Paulo University topped the list in terms of organizations with total link strength of 12722. The journal of Anatomia Histologia Embryologia topped with 136 publications followed by Materials with 94 publications. Valentim from Brazil topped the authors with 22 publications.

Conclusion:

Microbial corrosion is needs equal concentration as any other forms of intraoral corrosion given that oral cavity is loaded with huge varieties of microorganisms with some of them known to cause microbial corrosion like sulfate reducing bacteria. The recent decline in research and publications in this field especially in 2022 is concerning. More studies are needed to learn more on microbial corrosion and its effects in dentistry.

Keywords: microbial corrosion, dentistry, sulfate reducing bacteria

Source of Funding :

None

Conflict of Interest:

None

How to cite this article: Gopalakrishnan, U., R, S., Felicita, S., K, M., & Selvaraj, V. (2022). Bibliometric analysis on microbial corrosion in dentistry: Bibliometric analysis on microbial corrosion in dentistry. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 13(3), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v13i3.482

Original Research

Year : 2022 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 3 | Page : 10-21

Evaluation and comparison of copper and zinc ion release from copper-oxide and zinc-oxide nanoparticles coated orthodontic brackets- An In vitro Study

Nausheen Mobeen1,Sangeetha Duraisamy 2,K.Ravi 3

1Post Graduate,2 Professor,3 Dean and HOD,SRM Dental College,Ramapuram, Chennai

Corresponding author:

Dr.NausheenMobeen,M.D.SPG,

Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram

Email-nausheenmobeen@gmail.com

Phone number-9952922347

Abstract

AIM :

To evaluate the release of zinc and copper ions from zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles coated orthodontic brackets in artificial saliva under Invitro condition.

METHODOLOGY :

Thirty six metal brackets were coated with copper oxide (group A) and zinc oxide (group B ) nanoparticles using spray pyrolysis method  and bracket was randomly selected  and assessed under scanning electron microscope. The nano-coated brackets with copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles (Group A and B) were bonded on the extracted first premolar tooth with standard protocol and immersed in artificial saliva at pH of 6.5.  The nanocoated brackets were analysed for ion release using atomic absorption spectrometer  at four different time intervals baseline, day 7, day 14, and day 21 under invitro condition.

RESULT:

The highest concentration of zinc ion released from the zinc oxide and copper oxide  nano coated brackets in the artificial saliva was on the 7th day and the quantity of zinc ion released was well below the levels that are toxic to humans throughout the study period.

CONCLUSION:  

The concentration of zinc ions released zinc oxide nano coated brackets was significantly greater than the concentration of copper ion released from the copper oxide nano-coated brackets in the artificial saliva under similar experimental conditions.

Keywords:

Zinc oxide nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles, ion release, nanomaterials.

SOURCE OF FUNDING

None

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

There is no conflict of interest.

How to cite this Article: Mobeen, N., Duraisamy, S., & K, R. (2022). Evaluation of the Ion release from nanoparticles coated orthodontic brackets - In vitro Study: Original research. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 13(3), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v13i3.288

Original Research

Year : 2022 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 3 | Page : 1-9

EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF LOAD DEFLECTION RATE OF FOUR INITIAL ORTHODONTIC ARCH WIRES: AN IN VITRO STUDY

ChoudaryD1, JnaneshwarPR2, KannanR3

1Private Practice, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh2Professor, 3Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram.

Address for Correspondence:

Dr. Poornima R Jnaneshwar BDS, MDS

Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, SRM Dental College,Ramapuram, Chennai-89.

Email-poorni01@gmail.com

Abstract

Aim:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the load-deflection rate of four different types of archwires used in initial stage of orthodontic treatment.

Materials and methods:

A modified three-point bending test was performed on the sample of 60 wires of superelastic Nickel Titanium(NiTi), everwhite esthetic NiTi, thermal NiTi and multistranded coaxial stainless steel (15 each). The load exerted by each of the wire was measured at the deflections of 2 mm and 4mm, subsequent unloading process at 37°C temperature.

Results:

Comparison of mean load-deflection values revealed that thermal NiTi wires had lowest value at both 2 and 4mm deflection when compared to other three wires which was statistically significant(p=0.009).  Superelastic and esthetic NiTi showed similar values of load deflection ratios at both the deflections where as co-axial wire showed 1.89N at 2mm and 5.22N at 4mm deflection.

Conclusion:

The heat-activated NiTi wires are acceptable in severe crowding and periodontally compromised patients. Multistranded co-axial wire is acceptable when we need minimal alignment; whereas esthetic NiTi wires can replace superelastic Niti based on patient’s need.

Keywords: Aligning archwires, Mechanical properties, unloading forces, esthetic archwire, load deflection rate.

Source of Funding:

None

Conflict of Interest:

None

How to cite: Jnaneshwar P R et al.Evaluation and Comparison of load deflection rate off our arch wires used in the alignment phase of fixed orthodontic treatment–An- In-Vitro study.Int J Orthod Rehabil 2022;13(3):01-09. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v13i3.18

Received: 09.06.2022 Accepted:17.08.2022 WebPublished: 06.09.2022

Original Article

Year : 2022 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 2 | Page : 64-74

Expanding the concept of orthodontic camouflage for a skeletal Class II camouflage case through the use of skeletal anchorage system

Hasan Sabah Hasan 1. Ahmed Mohammed Samy Ahmed Said Ahmed Eysa 2, Mostafa Fathy Anwar Mahmoud 3,Mohamed A.Elkolaly 4

1 Specialist Orthodontist, Orthodontic Department, Khanzad Teaching Center Erbil, Iraq. 2 Clinical Supervisor, 3 Course Director Orthodontic Department, Hident Academy, Egypt. 4 Course director ,Orthodontic Department, Royal Dental Center, Alexandria, Egypt

Address for Correspondence:

Dr. Hasan Sabah Hasan

Specialist orthodontist at orthodontic department of khanzad teaching center

General directorate of Hawler-Ministry of health/ Erbil-Iraq. hsh.ortho@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:

This study aimed to report the treatment steps in a 26-year male patient, presented with a class II div 1 incisor relationship on a class II skeletal base with increased vertical proportions. The case was complicated by missing lower second premolars and retained lower second deciduous molars. Severe crowding was evident in the lower arch with mild crowding in the upper arch. The overbite and the overjet were increased. Scissor bite was evident in the left buccal segment. Treatment involved extraction of upper first premolars and lower second deciduous molars, utilizing moderate anchorage using a preadjusted edgewise fixed appliance (0.022’’ X 0.028”) with Roth prescription. Treatment duration was 20 months in total. The envelope of discrepancy specifies strict rules when camouflaging class II cases. The ability to retract incisors and the use of class II mechanics are within limited range to avoid damage to the periodontium. The current case report showed that the ability of the clinician to retract incisors using TADs could be carried out with high rate of success and safety.

KEY WORDS: Cl II div 1 Malocclusion, Overjet, En-Mass retraction, TADs

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest

How To Cite This Article: Hasan Sabah Hasan, Ahmed Mohammed Samy Ahmed Said Ahmed Eysa, Mostafa Fathy Anwar Mahmoud, & Mohamed A. Elkolaly. (2022). Expanding the concept of orthodontic camouflage for a skeletal Class II camouflage case through the use of skeletal anchorage system: Original Article. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 13(2), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v13i2.200

Original Research

Year : 2022 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 2 | Page : 1 - 13

Prevalence of anaerobic microbiota in orthodontic patients – scoping review

Umarevathi Gopalakrishnan1, Vidhya Selvaraj2, Arvindh Kathir3, Samala Abhinaya4, Rajalakshmi Thakshinamoorthy5

1Professor, 2Senior Lecturer, 3, 4, 5 Post graduate, Department of Orthodontics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai

Address for Correspondence:

Umarevathi Gopalakrishnan, MDS

Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospitals Chennai – 600103,

Email: gopkr_uma@yahoo.com

Abstract

Introduction:

Various appliances used in orthodontic treatment behave as plaque retentive sites which can harbor anaerobic microorganisms and this may be associated with a worsening of preexisting periodontal diseases or induce a variety of other conditions. There are contrary reports regarding the increased load of anaerobes during orthodontic treatment. This review aims to analyze the orthodontic literature regarding the prevalence of anaerobes before, during and after orthodontic treatment.

Objective:

To analyze the literature on the prevalence of anaerobic microbiota and its relationship with orthodontics by using the keywords ―anaerobes‖ OR ―anaerobic microbiome‖ OR ―red complex bacteria‖ AND ―orthodontic‖ OR ―fixed appliance‖. The Pub med and Embase databases were searched till January 2022.

Results:

Orthodontic treatment increases the prevalence of anaerobic microbiota especially the orange and red complex bacteria. The removal of orthodontic appliances has shown a significant reduction in plaque along with the corresponding anaerobic pathogens.

Conclusion:

Proper maintenance of good oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment is essential to reduce the anaerobic microbial load, thus diminishing the risk of periodontal problems.

Keywords: Anaerobes; Red complex bacteria; Orthodontic appliance;

Financial support and sponsorship - Nil

Conflicts of interest - There are no conflicts of interest

How to cite: Umarevathi Gopalakrishnan, Vidhya Selvaraj, Arvindh Kathir, Samala Abhinaya, & Rajalakshmi Thakshinamoorthy. (2022). PREVALENCE OF ANAEROBIC MICROBIOTA IN ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS – SCOPING REVIEW: Original research. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 13(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v13i2.155

Received : 31.03.2022 Accepted:21.06.2022 Web Published: 30.06.2022

Original Research

Year : 2022 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 2 | Page : 47-63

Rakosi Jarabak Analysis for the South Indian Population - A Cross-Sectional Study

H.Sruthi1, S. Aravind Kumar2, Arvind Sivakumar3

1 Post Graduate,2 Professor, 3Reader, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College

Abstract

Background:

Rakosi jarabak analysis has been proved to be effective in predicting the facial growth pattern, morphological characters, reaction to various orthopedic approaches, and functional alterations. Most of these established cephalometric values are based on average values for the Caucasian population. Whereas cephalometric values vary among different populations and have shown variations among different ethnic groups, gender, and age. The objectives of this paper are to develop Rakosi Jarabak cephalometric norms for the South Indian population and compare the measures to values from other ethnic groups.

Materials and Method:

Facad software was used to track the lateral cephalograms of 100 non-growing patients from the South Indian population who satisfied our inclusion criteria. Nineteen craniofacial parameters of Jarabak’s analysis were measured.

Result:

A comparison between the males and females of the South Indian population showed a significant difference between the three parameters. Comparison of the south Indian male, female values, and overall values with established norms of various ethnic populations showed significant differences among various parameters.

Conclusion:

This study establishes the south Indian ethnic norms for Rakosi Jarabak analysis. The south Indian norms vary from caucasian norms showing significant ethnic .These differences need to be considered when analyzing the cephalogram . These values will help in customizing treatment plans based on ethnic norms.The study concludes that distivariationsnct sets of cephalometric norms should be developed for different ethnic groups in order to aid orthodontists and surgeons in optimising treatment plans based on local norms.

Keywords: 

Cephalometry; Ethnic group; India; Caucasians; Ethnicity;South Indian; Indian population.

How to cite:Sruthi H, S, A. K., & Arvind Sivakumar. (2022). Rakosi Jarabak Analysis for the South Indian Population - A Cross-Sectional Study: Original Research. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 13(2), 47–63. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v13i2.199

Received: 27.04.2022 Accepted: 20.052022 WebPublished: 25.06.2022

Original Article

Year : 2022 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 2 | Page : 25-36

An In -Vivo Study to Evaluate the Force Decay of Three Different OrthodonticElastomericLigatures.

Dr.Shabeer Ali Parambil1, Dr.Sangeetha Duraisamy 2, Dr.Krishnaraj R3, Dr.Ravi. K4

1Registrar Orthodontist, AsterSanadHospital,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia2,3Professor,DepartmentofOrthodontics,SRM DentalCollege,Ramapuram,Chennai4Professor,HeadoftheDepartment,DepartmentofOrthodontics,SRM DentalCollege,Ramapuram,Chennai.

Abstract:

Aim & Objectives:

The aim of the in-vivo study was to evaluate the force decay of three different clear elastomeric ligatures at four different time intervals.

Materials and methods:

Ten patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with 0.019" x 0.025" SS arch wire placed passively in the lower arch were included. The three groups of clear elastomeric ligatures from three different manufacturers were placed on the specific lower incisor assigned to each. The force levels required to stretch the modules to a predetermined length of 4.1mm were evaluated at 0 hour, 24 hours, 7 days and 21 days after intra-oral use using a universal testing machine. One way ANOVA followed by Post hoc Tukey HSD was performed for within the group and between group comparisons.Paired T test was done for pairwise comparisons. (P value≤ 0.05)

Results:

The mean force level recorded were high for as received elastomeric ligatures in all the three study groups and all demonstrated a significant force decay over time. One way ANOVA showed a significant difference between the force levels recorded at different time intervals within and between the groups. Post Hoc Tukey HSD revealed a significant difference between the three groups at all the time intervals except at 7 days and 21 days for Group II and Group III samples. Paired sample T test for pairwise comparison of force exerted at different time intervals in all the three groups revealed a significant difference.

Conclusion:

Group I elastomeric ligatures exhibited significantly high mean force and less force decay compared to Group II and Group III samples. All the three ligatures exhibited significant force decay over time. Keywords: Elastomeric ligature, Force decay, Force degradation, Mechanical testing

SOURCE OF FUNDING

None

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

There is no conflict of interest.

How to cite this article:

Parambil, S. A. ., Duraisamy, S., R, K. ., & K, R. (2022). An In - vivo study to evaluate the force decay of three different orthodontic elastomeric ligatures. : Force decay of elastomeric ligatures . International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 13(2), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v13i2.520