Original Research
Keywords: Class II malocclusion, Moyers classification, Cephalometric analysis, Dravidian population, Horizontal subtypes, Vertical subtypes, Orthodontic diagnosis.
Year : 2026 | Volume : 17 | Issue : 1 | Page : 27-38
Prevalence of Moyer’s Class II malocclusion subtypes in Dravidian Population: A Cephalometric Study
Rishika Singla 1, Ravindra Kumar Jain 2, Swati Singh 3
1-Resident, 2-Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai- 600077, India, 3-Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT university, Campus-5 Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India – 751024
Address for Correspondence:
Dr Ravindra Kumar Jain
Professor and Head,
Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,
Chennai, India.
E-mail: ravindrakumar@saveetha.com
ABSTRACT
Background: Class II malocclusion exhibits considerable skeletal and dental heterogeneity that is often inadequately described by Angle’s dental classification. Moyers’ cephalometric subclassification, based on horizontal and vertical skeletal–dental relationships, provides a more biologically meaningful framework for understanding Class II patterns. Population-specific evaluation of these subtypes is essential, as craniofacial morphology varies across ethnic groups.
Aim: To determine the prevalence and distribution of Moyers’ horizontal and vertical Class II malocclusion subtypes in a Dravidian population and to evaluate their association with age and gender using cephalometric analysis.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 455 pretreatment lateral cephalograms of Dravidian subjects diagnosed with Class II malocclusion. Cephalometric assessment was performed digitally using FACAD software with Steiner’s, McNamara’s, Wits, and Rakosi analyses. Each case was classified into Moyers’ horizontal (A–F) and vertical (1–5) subtypes by calibrated examiners. Frequency distribution was calculated, and Chi-square tests were used to assess associations of subtypes with age and gender.
Results: Horizontal Subtype F was the most prevalent pattern, while Vertical Subtype 2 predominated among vertical patterns. A statistically significant association was observed between age and horizontal subtypes (p = 0.02), and between gender and horizontal subtypes (p = 0.04). No significant association was found between age or gender and vertical subtypes. Angle’s dental classification showed variable overlap with Moyers’ skeletal subtypes.
Conclusion: The Dravidian population demonstrated a distinct distribution of Moyers’ Class II subtypes, emphasizing the influence of ethnic craniofacial characteristics. Moyers’ cephalometric classification provides superior diagnostic insight compared to Angle’s system and facilitates more individualized treatment planning.
Keywords:Class II malocclusion, Moyers classification, Cephalometric analysis, Dravidian population, Horizontal subtypes, Vertical subtypes, Orthodontic diagnosis.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND FUNDING
Nil
How to cite this article: Rishika Singla, Ravindra Kumar Jain, Swati Singh. Prevalence of Moyer’s Class II malocclusion Subtypes in Dravidian Population: A Cephalometric Study. Int J Orthod Rehabil 2026; 17 (1): 27-38.
Doi: 10.56501/Intjorthodrehabil.171.ijor0077
Original Research
Keywords:
molar bands, molar tube prescription, dimensional variability, torque, play.
Year : 2024 | Volume : 15 | Issue : 2 | Page : 37-47
Comparison Of Prescription Accuracy Of Commercially Available Molar Tubes Using A Custom Made Device - An Invitro Study
Swati Singh1, Arya S Prasad1
1-Post Graduate, 2-Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600077, India.
Address for Correspondence:
DrArya S Prasad Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai
Email:aryasprasad7@gmail.com
Phone No:+919003142666
Abstract
Objective : The aim of this in vitro study was to verify the accuracy of torque prescription in the buccal tubes of three commercially available molar bands using Play and Torque Measuring device and to quantify the amount of torsional play present in them.
Materials and Methods: A total of thirty preformed bands with 0.022 slot and McLaughlin-Bennett-Trevisi prescription were selected equally from three different brands for this cross-sectional in-vitro analytical study. The torsional play and torque of the molar bands were measured using the PTM device. The play and torque values obtained using the PTM device were used to calculate the play and torque using a formula. The play and torque values were measured for all the three groups. The mean values of play and torque obtained between three groups were measured using One-way ANOVA.
Results: All three groups had variations in the torque and play that were above the standard torque and play values. There was a statistically significant difference in the play and torque values between all the groups evaluated.
Conclusions : Orthodontists should be aware of the inherent manufacturing defects in the bands as this can prevent the achievement of ideal treatment results. This simple method can help us in determining the torque and play of the molar bands giving us better control over treatment mechanics.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None.
SOURCE OF FUNDING
No external source offending was as the study was self-funded.
How to Cite this Article: Singh, S., & Arya S Prasad. (2024). Comparison Of Prescription Accuracy Of Commercially Available Molar Tubes Using A Custom Made Device - An Invitro Study: Original Research. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 15(2), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorthodrehabil.v15i2.1076